2018,    N 4 (34)    

PLANT GROWING

Marchenkova L., Pavlova O., Chaudhari R., Orlova T.

About sowing qualities of seeds in the Central Federal district of Russia and the Federal research center "Nemchinovka"

The article analyzes and summarizes the operational data of the agricultural centre on the state of quality of seeds of spring cereals and legumes, as well as winter crops, sown in the Central Federal district in the period 2013 – 2017 In many areas of this region revealed a not very favorable situation. Among the areas with a poor state of sowing qualities of seeds – Smolensk, Tver, Kaluga, Kostroma, Vladimir and Yaroslavl, in which over the past five years on average sown from 13 to 19% of substandard seeds. Good results were noted in the Belgorod, Kursk, Lipetsk, Voronezh and Tambov regions, which produce crops, mainly conditioned seeds. The analyzed materials indicate that in the Central Federal district seeds of grain and leguminous, as well as winter crops of higher quality are sown than in the country as a whole. Thus, non-standard seed germination of spring crops in the region was sown for the period 0.7%, RF-2.4%, respectively, 2.7% and 9.4%. For winter crops, the ratio is slightly less: the number of substandard seed germination was, respectively, 0 and 0.2 %, for contamination-1.3 and 2.1 %. At the same time, in the region, and in the country as a whole, the situation in terms of contamination of seeds is worse than in germination. 20-year (1998-2018) research of regularities of change of sowing qualities of seeds, in particular, germination, depending on conditions of environment of their formation on grades of grain crops of selection of FGBNU "FITZ "Nemchinovka" (the Moscow region) showed that decrease in germination to substandard level most often occurs at the increased moisture supply in pre-harvest and especially in harvest periods. The most unfavorable conditions for winter crops (winter wheat, winter rye, triticale) for these years in most areas of the Central district, including the Moscow region, developed in 2008, for spring (spring wheat, barley, oats) - in 2004. A significantly high correlation between germination and contamination of Fusarium seeds (r = -0.58 to -0.78,) was revealed and it was noted that the highest level of infection of grain seeds with this pathogen (10-30 % ) was observed, as well as in the years with increased moisture supply – in 1988, 2000, 2003 and especially in 2004 and 2008, which is consistent with the data on germination.

Keywords: CROP QUALITY, SPRING crops, WINTER crops, off-grade SEEDS, GERMINATION, WEIGHT of 1000 SEEDS